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Identifying and naming cat coat patterns and markings can get a little confusing because there are so many different categories and subcategories. It can be difficult keeping track of each one. Six main cat coat colors, patterns, & markings Solid colors Bi-colors Tabby Calico Tortoiseshell Color-point We’ve listed some additional rare patterns as well. Keep reading to become more familiar with all the unique and fun types of cat coats. 1. Solid Colors Image Credit vlad_bil, Shutterstock There’s a wide variety of solid colors that a cat can have. The most common solid-colored cats that you’ll see are black, gray, and white. Rarer colors include chocolate, cinnamon, fawn, lilac, cream, smoke, and chinchilla. 2. Bi-Color Image Credit Okssi, Shutterstock Cats also come in fun and stunning patterns and markings that add to their uniqueness. There are six main types of patterns and markings that cats can have. Bi-color cats are white and have one other primary color. Often, this color is black, but this isn’t always the case. Cats with bi-coloration also have the identification as piebald cats because of the piebald gene. This gene adds different amounts of white onto a cat’s coat. The White Spotting Scale categorizes bi-coloration into three different grades Low-grade less than 40% of the coat is white Medium-grade 40-60% of the coat is white High-grade more than 60% of the coat is white Bi-colored cats have classifications and names depending on the appearance and markings of white on their fur. Locket cats have a small white patch on their chests, and the rest of their fur is another solid color. Tuxedo cats have white chests, stomachs, and paws. Some parts of the face can be white as well. Cats don’t have to be just black and white to be Tuxedo cats. They can be white and any other color. Standard bi-color cats, or true bicolor cats, have equal amounts of white and another color on their fur. Mask-and-mantle cats look like they’re wearing a mask. White is mostly on the underside of the cat and the bottom of the face. Colored fur is on the top part of the cat’s head and back, and the color runs to the tail. Cap-and-Saddle cats are similar to mask-and-mantle cats, except they have fewer colored areas. Colored fur is only on top parts of the cat’s face, such as just the ears. There’s a break of white on the cat’s back, and the colored fur resumes on the lower back. Harlequin cats are white cats with small patches and spots of color. Usually, the tails have color. Van cats only have color on the head and tail. 3. Tabby Image Credit Inge Wallumrød, Pexels Within the tabby pattern, there are five main varieties Mackerel Classic/Blotched Spotted Ticked Patched Mackerel tabbies are the most common type of tabby cats. They have a stripe that runs down the spine and evenly spaced perpendicular stripes running along the cat’s body. The classic or blotched tabby has stripes on its head, like the mackerel pattern. However, there are swirls on the body instead of straight stripes. Like the name states, the spotted tabby has spots instead of stripes all over its side. The spots can be different sizes, and they’re either circular, oval, or rosettes. Ticked tabbies may not look like typical tabbies at first glance. However, they have agouti hairs, meaning that a single strand of hair has bands of different colors on it. Up close, you’ll see that ticked tabbies do have stripes on their faces and similar markings as tabby cats. Patched tabbies have tortoiseshell coloration mixed with tabby marking and patterns. They also go by “torbies” and are a rare type of tabby cat. 4. Calico Image Credit cottonbro, Pexels People often confuse calicos with torties. The main difference between the two patterns is the presence of white in calico cats. The most common color combination is white, orange, and black. You can also find cream, blue-black, red, and brown. Most calicos are girls because of the calico pattern’s connection with the X chromosome. Two X chromosomes have to be present for a cat to have a tri-colored coat. In rare cases, males can be calico. They have two X chromosomes and another Y chromosome, and these male cats can have Klinefelter’s Syndrome. They’re also usually sterile. 5. Tortoiseshell Image Credit LemPro Capture Life, Shutterstock Tortoiseshell cats, or “torties,” usually have a mix of black and ginger-red colors that are either a brindle pattern or appear in patches. People often confuse torties as a breed, but it’s actually a pattern that many breeds can have. Several well-known cat breeds can have the tortoiseshell pattern American Shorthair British Shorthair Persian Cornish Rex Ragamuffin Maine Coon Like calico cats, almost all tortoiseshell cats are female, and male tortoiseshell cats are very rare. Torties are often female because it requires two X chromosomes to produce the black and ginger coloring. Males with the tortoiseshell pattern have an extra X chromosome due to a genetic anomaly. They are also often sterile. 6. Color-Point Image By Pasiaflora, Shutterstock Cats with a color-point marking have a pale body and a darker color on their ears, paws, tail, and face. Typical color-point markings include seal-point, chocolate-point, blue-point, and lilac-point. Other color-point markings are flame-point, tortie-point, and lynx-point. Cat breeds that commonly have the color-point marking are the following Balinese Birman British Shorthair Himalayan Ragamuffin Ragdoll Sphynx Siamese What Are the Rarest Cat Coat Patterns? Cats come in unique colors and patterns, but some are rarer than others. Consider yourself very lucky if you’ve seen these five rare colors and patterns. Albino Albino cats are the rarest of all cat colors. They’re extremely rare because it requires a kitten to inherit two recessive genes, and it’s impossible to breed them purposely. Albino cats will have pink skin and white fur, and their eyes will either be pink or blue. They’re unfortunately prone to getting sick and often have immunodeficiencies. Black Smoke Cats with this coloration may first appear as just black cats. However, on closer examination, you’ll notice that they have a band of white near the roots of their hairs. Because of this banded coloration, the coats of black smoke cats have a unique appearance when the cats are in motion. The coat appears wavy, and it’s interesting to watch them move around. Black smoke coloration only applies to solid-colored cats, so tabby cats and other patterned cats cannot receive the classification of black smoke. Silver Silver cats are different from gray cats because only the tips of silver cats’ hairs are black or gray. This type of coloration makes silver cats appear shimmery. Silver cats can have coats with solid colors or patterns. Torbie The torbie pattern got its name because of the mixture of tortoiseshell coloration and tabby markings. Tortoiseshell cats are already relatively uncommon. Therefore, the addition of tabby characteristics to this pattern makes the torbie pattern the rarest amongst tortoiseshell and tabby cats. Calico As we’ve discussed previously, calicos are rare because the pattern mostly appears in female cats. Most of the rare males with calico patterns are sterile, making it all the more difficult to breed calico cats. Final Thoughts There are a lot of fun and interesting facts about the colors and markings of cats. Some colors and patterns are common, while others are very rare. We hope you have a newfound appreciation for cat colors and patterns. The next time you meet a cat, make sure to stop and admire its coat. It can provide traces of clues that lead to its unique history and heritage. Featured Image Credit Theera Disayarat, Shutterstock

You are here Home / Cat Facts & Fun / Cat Colors – Unravelling The Secrets Of Cats’ Beautiful Coats There are hundreds of possible cat colors and patterns. Some are very common, whilst others are unique to a single breed. But amazingly, they are all the result of just two colors black, and red! Mixing these two colors, arranging them in different ways along each hair, and distributing them in different patterns across the cat’s body give us tabbies, and tuxedos, and much more! Contents The genetics behind coat colorsChanging with the temperaturePopular patternsYour questions answered The best known cat colors are black, red, chocolate, cinnamon, blue, cream, lilac, fawn and white. Depending on the breed, cat enthusiasts sometimes describe chocolate cats as sable, chestnut or sepia instead. And lilac cats are sometimes described as lavender, platinum or frost colored, depending on their breed. But this whole kaleidoscope of colors, and all the patterns which can be layered on top, are achieved by the presence of just two pigments eumelanin, which is blackand pheomelanin, which is red. Let’s see how that’s possible! Black Cat Genetics Black cats get their inky coats from a pigment called eumelanin. The cat community calls the gene responsible for production of eumelanin the B’ gene. The B gene comes in three forms B, b and bl. All cats carry two copies of the gene. One inherited from their mom, and the other from their dad. The B form is dominant over b and bl. Whenever a cat carries the B gene they produce large amounts of eumelanin, and their coat is black. Lots of cat breeds come in black. Bombay cats are famously always black. Chocolate Genes When cats inherit two copies of b, or one copy of b and one copy of bl, they produce moderate amounts of eumelanin. This colors their coat a rich chocolate brown, sometimes described as sepia, chestnut or sable instead. Famously brown cats include the Havana Brown. Cinnamon And finally, cats with two copies of the bl gene only produce small amounts of eumelanin, which gives their coat cinnamon coloring. Cinnamon is a reddish, auburn shade of brown. Cinnamon is quite an unusual cat color, since both the B and b form of the B gene override it. This table sums up how each possible combination of B genes affects coat color Oriental Shorthairs and Burmese cats can be cinnamon, and almost all Abyssinian cats have a cinnamon coat with darker ticking laid over the top. Red Cat Genetics Besides eumelanin, the only other coat pigment in cats’ coats is pheomelanin. Pheomelanin is red, and it gives orange and ginger cats their color. Production of pheomelanin is controlled by the O gene. The O gene comes in two forms O and o. The O form overrides production of eumelanin with production of pheomelanin instead, but the o form does not. To make matters slightly more complicated, the O gene is situated on the X sex chromosome. Which means female cats have two copies, but male cats have just one. How Does It Work? Male cats with the O form of the O gene on their X chromosome produce pheomelanin instead of eumelanin, and they are cats with the o form of the O gene on their X chromosome don’t produce pheomelanin. They are black, brown or cinnamon, depending on the combination of B genes they carry. And for the girls Female cats with OO genes are cats with oo genes are black, chocolate or female cats with the genotype Oo are… tortoiseshell! Read this article to find out why! Dilute Solid Cat Colors So that’s a potted primer on the bright and bold cat colors. But what about the beautifully soft, pale, and ethereal tones? Blue, cream, lilac and fawn cats all owe their watercolor looks to another gene, called the dilute gene. The dilute gene comes in two forms D and d. All cats carry two copies – one from mom, and one from dad. Cats who inherit the d form from both mom and dad produce dramatically less pigment in their coats. This table shows how the cat colors black, chocolate, cinnamon and orange are transformed into blue, lilac, fawn and cream by the dilute gene Cat Breeds With Dilute Colors Russian Blue cats, Korats, and British Blues are all famous for preserving the BB/dd combination of genes from generation to generation. Lilac and fawn are among the rarest cat colors. But they are most often seen in Persians and Exotic Shorthairs. White Cats So now we’re left with just one commonly seen solid cat color to discuss. The ones with no color at all – snowy white cats! We often think of animals – especially pets – with white coats as being albino. But most white cats aren’t albino. Most white cats owe their coats to a masking gene called W’. Whenever a cat carries the W gene, it masks the instructions from any other genes about making coat pigment. So their fur is white instead. Albino White Cats Some white cats are indeed albino. The difference is genetic, and outwardly it can be difficult to spot. Albino cats don’t have any pigment in their bodies at all, so their eyes are pink, or pinkish blue. Cats with the white masking gene still have pigment in their eyes, which can be blue, green, yellow, orange or hazel. But unlike the W gene, which overrides all other genetic instructions about color, the gene for albinism is recessive. This means it is overridden by most other genetic instructions for cat color, and consequently true albino white cats are very rare. Temperature-Sensitive Albinism Before we leave the topic of white cats and albinism altogether, it would be wrong not to explain the mechanism behind one of the most iconic cat color patterns of all time the famous color points of breeds like Siamese, Ragdoll and Himalayan cats! Color points are caused by a form of albinism which is temperature-sensitive. This means the amount of pigment in each strand of fur depends upon the skin surface temperature at its root. At the ears, nose, feet and tail, where the skin’s temperature is lowest, lots of pigment is made. Everywhere else, just a little pigment is made. And incidentally, the genetic rules for deciding the color of that pigment are exactly the same as the rules for solid colors, described above. Cat Color Patterns And now we’ve started to dabble in cat coat patterns as well as colors, let’s take a quick skip through the rest… We’ve looked at how the beautiful colors in cats’ coats are made. But this only goes part of the way to describing the massive variation in their looks. Here is a glossary of terms which cat owners and breeders also use to describe cat colors Smoke and Chinchilla Smoke and chinchilla cat coats fall somewhere in between a color and a pattern. In these coats, all the pigment is concentrated at the tips of the hairs. At the base of each hair is a wide band with little or no pigment. When the pigment at the tip is black, chocolate or cinnamon, the pattern is called smoke’. But when the pigment is blue, lilac or fawn, the pattern is called chinchilla’. Korat and Russian Blue cats have the reverse pattern – each of their blue hairs is silver-tipped, and all the pigment is at the base of each hair. Tabby Cats Everyone can picture the stripes and blotches of a tabby cat. But did you know that versions of the tabby gene are also responsible for an Ocicat’s spots, and the ticked coat of an Abyssinian? The trademark feature which unites them all is the distinctive tabby M’ on the forehead. Due to the way the O gene for orange color and the T gene for tabby pattern interact, orange cats are always tabby cats. But selective breeding to reduce the contrast between the stripes has given some ginger cats the appearance of having one solid color. Tortoiseshell Cats Tortoiseshell cats have patches of fur colored with eumelanin pigment, and patches of fur colored with pheomelanin pigment. Depending on the combination of B genes and D genes they have, the patches can be black and redchocolate and redcinnamon and redblue and creamlilac and creamor fawn and cream. To find out how the pigments end up arranged in a tortoiseshell pattern, visit us here. Tortoiseshell cats with tabby stripes in their patches are called Torbies’. White Spotting The White Spotting gene is responsible for any white fur on a cat which also has patches of colored fur. Even if they are mostly white, with only a tiny patch of colored fur. This form of the White Spotting gene is called unsurprisingly Extreme White Spotting, or We. Different forms of the White Spotting gene also cause the white patches on calico cats, the handsome white bib of black and white tuxedo cats, and the nearly complete white marking on Van cats. Frequently Asked Questions About Cat Colors Which brings us nearly to the end of our primer on cat colors. Just time left for our top five most frequently asked questions about cat color 1. What Is The Most Common Cat Color? Black and brown tabbies are the most common cat color. The genes which code for dense black pigment and a tabby markings override almost all other colors and patterns. So unless breeders actively select against them, they tend to flourish. And it’s no coincidence that this is also the combination which offers the most camouflage whilst hunting outdoors! 2. What Is The Rarest Color Of Cat? Of the main cat colors, fawn is the rarest, because it relies upon an unusual combination of recessive genes, which are easily masked by other colors. Fawn coats are most commonly seen on Abyssinian andExotic Shorthair cats. But there are some cat colors which are even rarer, because they only appear in a single breed. Amber colored Norwegian Forest Cats are a great example. 3. How Many Colors Can A Cat Have? The most types of pigment a cat can have is two eumelanin and pheomelanin. But a calico cat with tabby stripes in their patches manages to achieve five colors including white from those two pigments. And cats with points have beautiful gradients in color density which should surely count as more than one color! 4. Does Cat Color Affect Personality? In 2015 an online survey of 1,274 cat owners conducted by the University of California found that tortoiseshells, calicos, black-and-white cats, and gray-and-white cats are more frequently aggressive toward humans. A subsequent study in Pennsylvania found that orange cats have a higher prey drive, and cats with colored points are more prone to separation anxiety. But it’s generally thought that breed is a better indication of temperament, than coat color. 5. Do Cat Colors Affect Health? Cat colors are sometimes associated with increased risk of specific diseases. For example chocolate brown lines of Persian cats were once thought to be at greater risk of developing the eye disease progressive retinal atrophy. But that has been disproved. And the possibility of a link between coat color or pattern and hyperthyroidism has also been tested, and disproved. But one known link between cat color and health relates to white fur and deafness. We’ve written more about that here. What Color Is Your Cat? Cat colors and patterns are fantastically diverse and nuanced, and we’ve barely begun to scratch the surface here. Does your cat have a color and pattern we’ve mentioned, or something else altogether? Or have you ever met a cat with a very unusual color? Tell us about them in the comments box down below! References and Resources Rah et al, Lack of genetic association among coat colors, progressive retinal atrophy and polycystic kidney disease in Persian cats, Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 2006. Stelow et al, The relationship between coat colors and aggressive behaviors in the domestic cat, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 2015. Wilhelmy et al, Behavioral associations with breed, coat type, and eye color in single-breed cats, Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 2016. Crossley et al, Breed, Coat Color, and Hair Length as Risk Factors for Hyperthyroidism in Cats, Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2017. Hudson & Hamilton, Atlas of Feline Anatomy for Veterinarians, CRC Press, Cat Identification Cat Coat Color Chart, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2011. Hartwell, Colour and Pattern Charts, The Messy Beast, 2013. Jacobberger, Coats and Color Descriptions, Cat Fanciers’ Association, 2015.

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